A firearm locking device has a sleeve made of a resilient material with a collet formed at one end. With the one end of the sleeve inserted through the muzzle into the barrel of the firearm, the collet extends into the cartridge-receiving chamber of the firearm and the opposite end of the sleeve projects from the muzzle. An elongated element with an eccentric at one end is inserted in the sleeve, and when rotated by a lock cylinder, the eccentric expands the collet in the cartridge chamber and insures that no live cartridge is present in or is loaded into the chamber. An adapter allows the locking device to accommodate barrels of different length.